2022 英文学术写作实战(北京大学)1468394448 最新满分章节测试答案

本答案对应课程为:点我自动跳转查看
本课程起止时间为:2022-09-05到2022-12-26

Unit 1： Ethic（学术伦理意识） Unit 1 Test： Ethic

1、 问题:本节视频中介绍了下列哪几种防剽窃工具？
选项：
A:Turnitin
B:Urkund
C:PaperPass
D:维普通达检测系统
E:知网论文检测系统
F:PaperWrite
G:Findsame
H:Eve2
答案: 【Turnitin;
Urkund;
PaperPass;
维普通达检测系统;
知网论文检测系统】

2、 问题:学术不诚信可能会对以下哪几方面造成影响？
选项：
A:个人信誉
B:研究团队信誉
C:学科发展
D:整个国家在该学科的信誉
答案: 【个人信誉;
研究团队信誉;
学科发展;
整个国家在该学科的信誉】

3、 问题:在面对别人对自己研究成果的质疑时，哪些是不恰当的做法？
选项：
A:坚持自己，不理会那些质疑，不解释
B:和别的研究团队积极沟通交流，回应质疑
C:不能告诉他们自己的研究过程，对自己的研究保密
D:认为他们的质疑毫无道理，肯定是别人的实验方法不过关，一定要予以还击
答案: 【坚持自己，不理会那些质疑，不解释;
不能告诉他们自己的研究过程，对自己的研究保密;
认为他们的质疑毫无道理，肯定是别人的实验方法不过关，一定要予以还击】

4、 问题:当权威的团队发表最新实验，而自己的团队却无法重复时，应该：
选项：
A:认为权威不容置疑，肯定是自己的方法有问题
B:仔细排查自己的研究，发邮件咨询该团队
C:肯定是他们的研究存在造假，在网络上攻击他们
D:和同领域的其他团队合作，如果依然无法重复，可以向发稿期刊和研究团队提出合理质疑
答案: 【仔细排查自己的研究，发邮件咨询该团队;
和同领域的其他团队合作，如果依然无法重复，可以向发稿期刊和研究团队提出合理质疑】

5、 问题:以下哪些行为属于学术不端行为？
选项：
A:将同一研究结果提交多个出版社机构出版或提交多个出版物发表
B:将作出创造性贡献的人排除在作者名单之外
C:对评价方法或结果的解释、判断错误
D:将本质上相同的研究成果改头换面发表
答案: 【将同一研究结果提交多个出版社机构出版或提交多个出版物发表;
将作出创造性贡献的人排除在作者名单之外;
将本质上相同的研究成果改头换面发表】

6、 问题:PaperPass论文检测系统分别用红色、橙色和绿色三种颜色代表相似度70%以上、40%-70%与合格三种类型。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

7、 问题:Turnitin和PaperPass系统都是可以免费使用的。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

8、 问题:如果你的论文研究过程和研究结果都很有意义，但论文引言部分和文献综述部分相似比较高，杂志社还是会接受你的论文。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

9、 问题:因为同行评议过程较为漫长，期刊通常会让投稿人自己推荐几名审稿人，而很多人钻了这个空子，出现了大规模的同行评议事件，这说明同行评议这一做法既耗时耗力，还会引起学术造假问题，应该取消。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

10、 问题:利益因素的存在，往往会影响研究者的判断力，无论是有心抑或无意。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

11、 问题:存在利益冲突就意味着利益主体(研究者)犯错了。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

12、 问题:研究者本人单纯因为个人交情而发表使某商业机构受益的文章，或夸大研究成果，这样的情况很正常而且因为不存在利益输送，所以不算什么错误。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

13、 问题:在科研论文写作中利益声明可有可无。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

14、 问题:作者可以将同一篇稿件以不同语言同时向多家期刊投稿。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

15、 问题:我既可以直接引用原始论文中的内容，也可以间接引用二次文献中的引文。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

16、 问题:在学术论文中，凡是引用他人（包括作者自己）已经发表的文献中的观点、数据、材料和研究结果等内容，都要对它们在文中出现的地方给予注明，并在文末列出参考文献。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

17、 问题:整理稿可以将不同时间多次的口语实录自行综合，同一作者不同时间、场合的口头发言无需分别注明出处。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

18、 问题:一稿多投是指同一作者，在法定或约定的禁止再投期间，或者在期限以外获知自己作品将要发表或已经发表，在期刊（包括印刷出版和电子媒体出版）编辑和审稿人不知情的情况下，试图或已经在两种或多种期刊同时或相继发表内容相同或相近的论文。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

19、 问题:引用他人成果占整个作品的三分之二以上，即使引用标注符合规范，也可认定为剽窃。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

20、 问题:张老师从未参与过A课题的研究，他无权要求在A课题的研究论文中署名为通讯作者。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

21、 问题:在学术写作中可以将自己实验中的与期望值不符的实验结果删除，只保留与期望值一致的实验结果。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

22、 问题:科研成果中的引文可以将未查阅过的文献转抄入自己的引文目录或参考文献目录中。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

Unit 2： Audience and Storyline （读者意识和论文故事线） Unit 2 Test： Audience and Storyline

1、 问题:科学故事DNA双螺旋的案例中，下面哪个选项对应“数据-信息-知识-理解”中的“信息”这一层次
选项：
A:富兰克林拍摄的x射线衍射图
B:沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
C:沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
D:DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
答案: 【沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构】

2、 问题:科学故事DNA双螺旋的案例中，下面哪个选项对应“数据-信息-知识-理解”中的“知识”这一层次
选项：
A:富兰克林拍摄的x射线衍射图
B:沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
C:沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
D:DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
答案: 【沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论】

3、 问题:科学故事DNA双螺旋的案例中，下面哪个选项对应“数据-信息-知识-理解”中的“理解”这一层次
选项：
A:富兰克林拍摄的x射线衍射图
B:沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
C:沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
D:DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
答案: 【DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释】

4、 问题:请再次阅读关于前面读过的“naked mole rat”学术短文 The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) displays exceptional longevity, with a maximum lifespan exceeding 30 years. This is the longest reported lifespan for a rodent species and is especially striking considering the small body mass of the naked mole rat. In comparison, a similarly sized house mouse has a maximum lifespan of 4 years. In addition to their longevity, naked mole rats show an unusual resistance to cancer. Multi-year observations of large naked mole-rat colonies did not detect a single incidence of cancer. Here we identify a mechanism responsible for the naked mole rat’s cancer resistance. We found that naked mole-rat fibroblasts secrete extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HA), which is over five times larger than human or mouse HA. This high-molecular-mass HA accumulates abundantly in naked mole-rat tissues owing to the decreased activity of HA-degrading enzymes and a unique sequence of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). … We speculate that naked mole rats have evolved a higher concentration of HA in the skin to provide skin elasticity needed for life in underground tunnels. This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species. 并从中选出哪句话作者在阐述自己论文贡献的“新的理解”
选项：
A:We found that naked mole-rat fibroblasts secrete extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HA), which is over five times larger than human or mouse HA.
B:This high-molecular-mass HA accumulates abundantly in naked mole-rat tissues owing to the decreased activity of HA-degrading enzymes and a unique sequence of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). 
C:We speculate that naked mole rats have evolved a higher concentration of HA in the skin to provide skin elasticity needed for life in underground tunnels.
D:This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species.
答案: 【This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species.】

5、 问题:According to the description listed below, choose the right readers.  Read the methods section and anything else that helps them finding a solution; Big knowledge gap; Possibly readers from a different area, looking for a method that can be used in their area; Looking for clear introduction with many references.
选项：
A: The field intelligence gatherer
B:The competitor
C:The solution seeker
D:The young researcher
答案: 【The solution seeker】

6、 问题:According to the description listed below, choose the right readers.   Does not need to be provided with any background; Checks if you have cited their paper; May use your references to complete their own; May even have reviewed your paper.
选项：
A:The field intelligence gatherer
B:The competitor
C: The solution seeker
D:The young researcher
答案: 【The competitor】

7、 问题:Which of the following types of readers will most likely pay attention to whether you have cited their papers.
选项：
A:young scientist
B:problem seeker
C:journalist
D:competitor
答案: 【competitor】

8、 问题:How to bridge the gap of knowledge between you and your readers? 
选项：
A:set target readers.
B:provide research background.
C:proceed from the elementary to the profound.
D:pay attention to the logic flow, so that the paper can be more comprehensive.
答案: 【set target readers.;
provide research background.;
proceed from the elementary to the profound.;
pay attention to the logic flow, so that the paper can be more comprehensive.】

9、 问题:You write your paper for those scientists who work on the same topic as you do, so there is no need to think about other readers as your audience
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

10、 问题:Authors of Scientific Papers do not need to write their results as a story, as all the information is already in the figures 
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

11、 问题:When you write your academic paper, it is important to write a good story that truthfully reflects your results, as figures and tables can be interpreted in several ways.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

12、 问题:Why?Why?Why? is a method that allows you to find a fitting background statement, starting from a specific problem addressed in your work.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

13、 问题:The statement: ‘By using ion selective microelectrodes we found that the pH gradient in the silk gland is much broader than previously known.’ is a good starting sentence of a paper; as only readers familiar with the topic will read this paper.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

14、 问题:The statement: ‘Global demand for elephant ivory is contributing to illegal poaching and significant decline of African elephant (Loxondonta africana) populations.’ represents a good example of a background sentence, accessible to both experts and non-experts. 
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

15、 问题:When you write your manuscript, it is not necessary to take your audience into consideration, as you mostly write for yourself.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

16、 问题:Scientific manuscripts are usually written for a very small number of other researchers working in the same field; therefore there is no need to explain any scientific terms.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

17、 问题:It is essential for any academic writing to take into consideration your prospective audience, whether it consists of experts or non-experts.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

18、 问题:Your audience knows much more about your research than you do, therefore you can always assume they intuitively understand what you are trying to state in your academic writing.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

19、 问题:Textbooks, reviews and scientific papers are all written in the same way, namely in a manner that shows the reader how knowledgable the author is.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

【作业】Unit 2： Audience and Storyline （读者意识和论文故事线） Unit 2 Peer Review： Audience and Storyline

1、 问题:请阅读后面的三段文本，并综合本单元所学，判断那一段文本是以“专业的学术研究人员”为目标读者群体进行写作的，并用100-300字/词来陈述你的理由（中英文均可）。在阐述理由的时候，可以考虑从这几个方面去写：写作风格、专业词汇的使用、口语化表达、直接引用句子、以及文章写作的结构等纬度的判断理由，并且对三段文本进行了一定的比较分析。文本1 （Text 1）Biologists from the University of Santiago in Chile have won an Ig Nobel award in 2015 for their research on how carnivore non-flying dinosaurs (meat-eating dinosaurs like the velociraptor and the T-Rex) moved. To do this, they dressed up a chicken with a kind of a stick in its backside. It’s true, it looks like a chicken with a plunger on its rear end, but the researchers think that its way of walking was "consistent with" how dinosaurs may have walked. In this way, they think they found how a two-legged non-flying dinosaur, such as a Tyrannosaurus Rex, might have gotten around. Dr. Grossi, the first author of this study, is highly enthusiastic about this prize, and he expects to keep answering “in an unorthodox way” to biomechanical questions of animals that lived millions of years ago. “This prize motivates me to keep doing non-traditional research”, he said.文本2 （Text 2）In the work done by Grossi and his colleagues, they tried to replicate the locomotion of theropods using chickens. “The scientific evidence shows that theropod dinosaurs are direct ancestors of current birds, and even though they possess many similarities in their morphology, there are also differences, such as the presence of a fleshy, heavy tail in those dinosaurs, which is absent in birds, and the increase in the size of birds’ arms in order to develop active flight. These morphologic changes also generate changes in the mass center of these animals and therefore should affect the way dinosaurs walked. Using recently hatched chickens, from day one we put them an artificial tail attached to their backs with a t-shirt, simulating a primitive theropod tail. The results on the way adult chickens with artificial tails moved their rear limbs during walking, give us important clues about how they dinosaur ancestors moved”, says Dr. Grossi.文本3 （Text 3）Birds still share many traits with their dinosaur ancestors, making them the best living group to reconstruct certain aspects of non-avian theropod biology. Bipedal, digitigrade locomotion and parasagittal hindlimb movement are some of those inherited traits. Living birds, however, maintain an unusually crouched hindlimb posture and locomotion powered by knee flexion, in contrast to the inferred primitive condition of non-avian theropods: more upright posture and limb movement powered by femur retraction. Such functional differences, which are associated with a gradual, anterior shift of the centre of mass in theropods along the bird line, make the use of extant birds to study non-avian theropod locomotion problematic. Here we show that, by experimentally manipulating the location of the centre of mass in living birds, it is possible to recreate limb posture and kinematics inferred for extinct bipedal dinosaurs. Chickens raised wearing artificial tails, and consequently with more posteriorly located centre of mass, showed a more vertical orientation of the femur during standing and increased femoral displacement during locomotion. Our results support the hypothesis that gradual changes in the location of the centre of mass resulted in more crouched hindlimb postures and a shift from hip-driven to knee-driven limb movements through theropod evolution. This study suggests that, through careful experimental manipulations during the growth phase of ontogeny, extant birds can potentially be used to gain important insights into previously unexplored aspects of bipedal non-avian theropod locomotion.用下面的结构进行回答：判断：文本"?"是以“专业的学术研究人员”为目标读者群体进行写作的理由：我作出上述判断的理由是（100-300字/词）：1）～～2）～～3）～～
评分规则: 【 评分标准1：是否作出正确的判断正确的判断为：文本3是以“专业的学术研究人员”为目标读者群体进行写作的；判断正确得5分，错误得0分
评分标准2：是否给出了详细而具有说服性的理由0分：虽然作出了正确判断，但完全没有介绍自己作出判断的理由；1-3分：作出了正确判断，给出的理由比较少，更多是自己的主观感受，而没有谈论很多具体的原因，或者没有结合三段文本进行比较分析；4-5分：作出了正确判断，并且给出了关于写作风格、专业词汇的使用、口语化表达、直接引用句子、以及文章写作的结构等纬度的判断理由，并且对三段文本进行了一定的比较分析；阐述理由的维度包括了：Style of writing；Amount of academic terms (digitigrade locomotion and parasagittal hindlimb, inferred primitive condition, femur retraction etc)；Lack of informal elements (contractions, informal words)；Lack of direct quoting；Specific structure, including Results description等在这里请大家根据上面的评分参考，结合自己的理解给你的同伴打出分数，并附上你这样评分的理由，特别是如果你的同伴作业中有值得你学习的地方，也请指出，我们相信同伴间的相互鼓励和肯定，是同伴互评的重要价值。
】

Unit 3： Organization （论文结构） Unit 3 Test： Organization

1、 问题:Who will benefit from the subheadings of the paper? 
选项：
A:Reader
B:Reviewer
C:Authors
D:All of the above
答案: 【All of the above】

2、 问题:以下哪个结构是本单元提倡的摘要结构和呈现顺序？
选项：
A:Question/Gap in the literature- Method- Results/Solutions-Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions- General Introduction- More detailed Background
B:General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in the literature- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
C:Method- Results/Solutions- General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in the literature- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
D:Question/Gap in the literature- General Introduction- More detailed Background- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
答案: 【General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in the literature- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions】

3、 问题:请参考本单元讲解的摘要结构的四段论，将下面A-B-C-D（目前的顺序是打乱的顺序）匹配成正确的顺序，组成一篇结构合理的学术摘要：A- Here we show that, by experimentally manipulating the location of the centre of mass in living birds, it is possible to recreate limb posture and kinematics inferred for extinct bipedal dinosaurs. Chickens raised wearing artificial tails, and consequently with more posteriorly located centre of mass, showed a more vertical orientation of the femur during standing and increased femoral displacement during locomotion. Our results support the hypothesis that gradual changes in the location of the centre of mass resulted in more crouched hindlimb postures and a shift from hip-driven to knee-driven limb movements through theropod evolution. B- Such functional differences, which are associated with a gradual, anterior shift of the centre of mass in theropods along the bird line, make the use of extant birds to study non-avian theropod locomotion problematic. C- This study suggests that, through careful experimental manipulations during the growth phase of ontogeny, extant birds can potentially be used to gain important insights into previously unexplored aspects of bipedal non-avian theropod locomotion. D- Birds share many traits with their dinosaur ancestors, making them the best living group to reconstruct certain aspects of non-avian theropod biology. Living birds, however, maintain an unusually crouched hindlimb posture and locomotion powered by knee flexion, in contrast to the inferred primitive condition of non-avian theropods: more upright posture and limb movement powered by femur retraction.
选项：
A:A-C-B-D
B:D-C-A-B
C:D-B-A-C
D:A-B-D-C
答案: 【D-B-A-C】

4、 问题:你认为下面哪句话，应该出现在摘要的第一句
选项：
A:Innovation, defined as creativity with a purpose, is widely considered to be the engine of scientific progress.
B:However, the recent introduction of cleaner technologies in the UK has led to reductions in the emissions of nitrogen oxides, with concomitant decreases in N deposition.
C:We find that ozone production occurs at lower NOx and much larger VOC concentrations than does its summertime urban counterpart, leading to carbonyl (oxygenated VOCs with a C = O moiety) photolysis as a dominant oxidant source.
D:This information should aid and encourage researchers to implement gene-targeting techniques into their research program.
答案: 【Innovation, defined as creativity with a purpose, is widely considered to be the engine of scientific progress.】

5、 问题:你认为下面哪句话，属于摘要中对研究发现意义的探讨？
选项：
A:High generalization ability of support-vector networks utilizing polynomial input transformations is demonstrated.
B:We find that ozone production occurs at lower NOx and much larger VOC concentrations than does its summertime urban counterpart, leading to carbonyl (oxygenated VOCs with a C = O moiety) photolysis as a dominant oxidant source.
C:Together, the module and survey results confirm the need to include such inquiry-based activities into the higher education classroom, thereby helping students to hone their critical thinking and question asking skill set and to facilitate their professional development in astrobiology.
D:The negative effect of increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) pollution on grassland biodiversity is now incontrovertible.
答案: 【Together, the module and survey results confirm the need to include such inquiry-based activities into the higher education classroom, thereby helping students to hone their critical thinking and question asking skill set and to facilitate their professional development in astrobiology.】

6、 问题:Subheadings are useful for:
选项：
A:the writer
B:general readers
C:expert readers
D:reviewers
E:all readers
答案: 【all readers】

7、 问题:Introduction often includes
选项：
A:Research background.
B:Research question
C:Method
D:Value（theoretical and practical value)
E:Conclusion
F:Discussion
G:Findings
答案: 【Research background.;
Research question;
Value（theoretical and practical value)】

8、 问题:A well-written Literature Review is
选项：
A:logically structured, clearly written and easy to follow
B:a full-scale introduction to all relevant work ever done in the field
C:quote specific opinions of each relevant research
D:well organized，containing critical analysis of previous work
E: relevant and persuasive
F:reviews the papers of authorities
答案: 【logically structured, clearly written and easy to follow;
well organized，containing critical analysis of previous work;
 relevant and persuasive】

9、 问题:How can subheadings help the authors?
选项：
A:Help authors to have clear writing structure during the writing stage
B:Help authors to stay on topic and avoid digression
C:Help collaborating authors to discuss the structure of the article
D:Help authors to achieve contextual consistency in writing
答案: 【Help authors to have clear writing structure during the writing stage;
Help authors to stay on topic and avoid digression;
Help collaborating authors to discuss the structure of the article;
Help authors to achieve contextual consistency in writing】

10、 问题:下面哪些句型，通常被用来引出研究问题？
选项：
A:While XYZ is well documented, it remains unclear whether/why…
B:Despite a large body of evidence for XYZ, its detailed mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
C:However, it remains to be investigated whether…
D:ABC is the main mechanism used by all vertebrates to achieve XYZ.
答案: 【While XYZ is well documented, it remains unclear whether/why…;
Despite a large body of evidence for XYZ, its detailed mechanisms remain to be elucidated.;
However, it remains to be investigated whether…】

11、 问题:一篇完整的摘要需要包涵下面哪些内容？
选项：
A:Why did you do this study? 
B:What is the gap in knowledge? 
C:What did you find?
D:What do your findings mean? 
答案: 【Why did you do this study? ;
What is the gap in knowledge? ;
What did you find?;
What do your findings mean? 】

12、 问题: Subheadings are only useful if required by the journal you are going to submit your paper to.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

13、 问题:A well-structured discussion must start with a complete list of all results described in your paper, so the reader can see how much work you have done.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

14、 问题:Statements with the following structure can be found in the Results section, containing both Aim statement and Method used to investigate the scientific question or problem: ‘To test whether elephants exhibit self-awareness, we marked three Asian elephants with white crosses on their foreheads, and then exposed them to a large mirror containing a video camera.’.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

15、 问题:The phrase ‘as shown in Fig…’ is commonly found in the Discussion section, where it indicates that a result is being summarized for subsequent comparison to the literature.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

16、 问题:Using proper verbs instead of abstract nouns for the subheadings found in the Results section can greatly improve the understanding of the results obtained.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

17、 问题:Before writing your first paper draft, it is useful to create a list of subheadings for each section – it helps to identify any existing logical problems in your manuscript structure.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

Unit 4： Logic and Flow （行文逻辑和流畅性） Unit 4 Test： Logic and Flow

1、 问题:Early in September each year, the population of Ann Arbor, Michigan, suddenly increases by about 20,000 as students arrive for the new academic year. This ______       changes the character of the town in a number of ways.
选项：
A:influx  
B:increase 
C:invasion 
D:rise 
E:jump
答案: 【influx  】

2、 问题:Nowadays, laptop computers are lighter, more powerful, and easier to use than they were five years ago. These        have led to an increase in the sales of these machines.
选项：
A:changes
B:developments 
C:advances 
D:improvements
答案: 【improvements】

3、 问题:Choose the right conjunctions according to the context of this paragraph.The poverty levels were found to be reduced. __ the unemployment levels remained high. _ the illiteracy levels also remained unchanged. ___no changes in income distribution were observed during the time of this study.
选项：
A:Though; And; But
B:Even though; In addition; however，
C:Even though; In addition，; However
D:Though; In addition，; But，
E:However,  ; In addition，; Intriguingly，
答案: 【However,  ; In addition，; Intriguingly，】

4、 问题:modify the right verbs into -ed participle, according to the context of this paragraph.The virus strains most likely to cause disease were identified and three were selected for vaccine development. The virus samples of each ______ strain were injected into separate batches of fertilized eggs to amplify the amount of virus.
选项：
A:identified
B:selected
C:injected
D:amplified
答案: 【selected】

5、 问题:请选择合适的总结词：We speculate that naked mole-rats have evolved a higher concentration of HA in the skin to provide skin elasticity needed for life in underground tunnels. This __ may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species.
选项：
A:situation
B:trait
C:difference
D:change
答案: 【trait】

6、 问题:In an integrative analysis of posture, limb kinematics and bone loading patterns, Carrano and Biewener attached artificial tails to chickens, _   the centre of mass caudally,  _  to recreate theropod-like limb posture and locomotion.
选项：
A:thus moving; hoping
B:thus move; hoping
C:thus moving; hope
D:thus to move; to hope
答案: 【thus moving; hoping】

7、 问题:Birds share many traits with their dinosaur ancestors,  __  the best living group to reconstruct certain aspects of non-avian theropod biology.
选项：
A:making birds
B:make birds
C:to make birds 
D:makes birds
答案: 【making birds】

8、 问题:According to a recent survey, 26% of all American adults, down from 38% 30 years ago, smoke. This            can be partly attributed to the mounting evidence linking smoking to fatal diseases, such as cancer.
选项：
A:decline
B:reduction
C:improvement
D:decrease
E:drop
答案: 【reduction;
decrease】

9、 问题:The conjunctions And, But, Or are linking words commonly used in academic writing, and are best used at the beginning of a sentence.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

10、 问题:And, But, Or are conjunctions rather than linking words, and therefore must not be used at the beginning of a sentence in academic writing.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

11、 问题:And, But, Or are conjunctions that can be used as linking words in informal writing, such as newspaper articles and non-scientific texts.
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】