2021 阅读与思辨（2021春）(西安交通大学) 最新满分章节测试答案

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本课程起止时间为:2021-03-12到2021-05-30
本篇答案更新状态:已完结

Lesson 1 Reading Comprehension： passage 1

1、 问题:The author’s analysis focuses on landslides caused by__.
选项：
A: floods
B:rainfall
C:earthquakes
D:volcanic eruptions
答案: 【rainfall】

2、 问题: What does the word stark(Line 1, para.2) mean?
选项：
A:unpleasant
B:plain
C:little
D:hush
答案: 【hush 】

3、 问题:Why do the author’s data of a fatalities differ from official figures?
选项：
A:The UN databases focuses more on economic loss.
B:The UN database covers fewer types of landslides.
C:The UN database doesn’t take many small events into account.
D:The UN UN database can obtain data in populous but remote mountain areas
答案: 【The UN database doesn’t take many small events into account. 】

4、 问题: What is the final purpose of the data gathering according to the passage?
选项：
A:To decrease landslide fatalities
B: To reduce the occurrence of landslides
C:To understand more about landslides
D:To inform the public of more details about landslides
答案: 【To decrease landslide fatalities】

5、 问题: Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
选项：
A: Landslide’s death toll and reasons
B: Landslide recognition control
C: Landslide prediction and assessment
D: Landslide analysis and Early Warning system
答案: 【 Landslide’s death toll and reasons】

Lesson 1 Reading Comprehension： passage 2

1、 问题:Which of the following is the major concern of the passage?
选项：
A: Human desire for social interaction.
B:Anxiety resulted from interpersonal relationship.
C:The popularity of social media in people’s everyday activities.
D: The influence of social media on social anxiety.
答案: 【 The influence of social media on social anxiety.】

2、 问题: In Para.2, the word “them” refers to __.
选项：
A:social media users
B: hours and days spent interacting digitally
C: offline personal relationships
D:online friendships
答案: 【 offline personal relationships】

3、 问题:According to the passage, how does one tend to react when he has a great number of “friends” on social media?
选项：
A:He becomes eager to make more “friends”
B:He feels he is popular.
C:His ego is going to take a hit.
D:He thinks it is beyond expectation.
答案: 【He feels he is popular.】

4、 问题:In Para.4, “social lubrication” means __.
选项：
A: escape from social interaction
B: alcohol abus
C: activity that helps people feel comfortable on social occasion
D: formal eating codes at parties and get-togethers
答案: 【 activity that helps people feel comfortable on social occasion】

5、 问题:According to the passage, all of the following about social anxiety are true EXCEPT _.
选项：
A:feeling uncomfortable at a Christmas party is an indication of mild social anxiety
B: unwillingness to be judged by people may result in social anxiety
C: doing several tasks at the same time when using social media is more likely to increase levels of anxiety
D:the use of social media brings about new forms of anxiety
答案: 【feeling uncomfortable at a Christmas party is an indication of mild social anxiety】

Lesson 2 Scanning

1、 问题:Read the passage “The Discovery of X-rays” quickly and choose the paragraph(s) which contain(s) the answer(s). You may choose more than one answer for question 3. The Discovery of X-rays Par. 1 Except for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics.Par. 2 X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that the agency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.Par. 3 The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3) X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.Par. 4 There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitude shorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known. Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct.Par. 5 In common with other electromagnetic radiations, X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths.When were X-rays discovered?
选项：
A:Par. 1
B:Par. 2
C:Par. 3
D:Par. 4
E:Par. 5
答案: 【Par. 2】

2、 问题:Who discovered X-rays?
选项：
A:Par. 1
B:Par. 2
C:Par. 3
D:Par. 4
E:Par. 5
答案: 【Par. 2】

3、 问题:What are the four characteristics of X-rays?
选项：
A:Par. 1
B:Par. 2
C:Par. 3
D:Par. 4
E:Par. 5
答案: 【Par. 2;
Par. 3】

Lesson 2 Skimming

1、 问题:Go through the passage “Body Language” within 1 minute, and answer the question that follows. (Tips: Read the first sentence of each paragraph.)Body Language What does scientific literature tell us about the idea that body language reflects our real feelings? One experiment carried out about 10 years ago by Ross Buck from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pennsylvania suggests that spontaneous facial expression is not a very good index of real emotional state. Buck and his colleagues tested the accuracy with which people could identify the emotions felt by another person. They presented one set of subjects with color slides involving a variety of emotionally-loaded visual stimuli – such as “scenic” slides (landscapes, etc), “maternal” slides (mothers and young children), disgusting slides (severe facial injuries and burns) and unusual slides (art objects). Unknown to these subjects, they were being televised and viewed by another matched set of subjects, who were asked to decide, on the basis of the televised facial expressions, which of the four sets of slides had just been viewed. This experiment involved both male and female pairs, but no pairs comprising both men and women; that is men observed only men, and women observed women. Buck found that the female pairs correctly identified almost 40 per cent of the slides used – this was above the level which would be predicted by chance alone. (Chance level is 25 per cent here, as there were four classes of slide). But male pairs correctly identified only 28 per cent of slides – not significantly above chance level. In other words, this study suggests that facial expression is not a very good index of “real” feeling – and in the case of men watching and interpreting other men, is almost useless.Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long series of experiments on nonverbal leakage (or how nonverbal behavior may reveal real inner states) which has yielded some more positive and counter-intuitive results. Ekman has suggested that nonverbal behavior may indeed provide a clue to real feelings and has explored in some detail people actively involved in deception, where their verbal language is not a true indication of how they really feel. Ekman here agrees with Sigmund Freud, who was also convinced of the importance of nonverbal behavior in spotting deception when he wrote: “He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger-tips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore.”Ekman predicted that the feet and legs would probably hold the best clue to deception because although the face sends out very quick instantaneous messages, people attend to and receive most feedback from the face and therefore try to control it most. In the case of the feet and legs the “transmission time” is much longer but we have little feedback from this part of the body. In other words, we are often unaware of what we are doing with our feet and legs. Ekman suggested that the face is equipped to lie the most (because we are often aware of our facial expression) and to “leak” the most (because it sends out many fast momentary messages) and is therefore going to be a very confusing source of information during deception. The legs and feet would be the primary source of nonverbal leakage and hold the main clue to deception. The form the leakage in the legs and feet would take would include “aggressive foot kicks, flirtatious leg displays, abortive restless flight movements”. Clues to deception could be seen in “tense leg positions, frequent shifts of leg posture, and in restless or repetitive leg and foot movements.”Ekman conducted a series of experiments to test his speculations, some involving psychiatric patients who were engaging in deception, usually to obtain release from hospital. He made films of interviews involving the patients and showed these, without sound, to one of two groups of observers. One group viewed only the face and head, the other group, the body from the neck down. Each observer was given a list of 300 adjectives describing attitudes, emotional state, and so on, and had to say which adjectives best described the patients. The results indicated quite dramatically that individuals who utilized the face tended to be misled by the patients, whereas those who concentrated on the lower body were much more likely to detect the real state of the patients and not be misled by the attempted deception.These studies thus suggest that some body language may indeed reflect our real feelings, even when we are trying to disguise them. Most people can, however, manage to control facial expression quite well and the face often seems to provide little information about real feeling. Paul Ekman has more recently demonstrated that people can be trained to interpret facial expression more accurately but this, not surprisingly, is a slow laborious process. Ekman’s research, suggests that the feet and legs betray a great deal about real feelings and attitudes but the research is nowhere near identifying the meanings of particular foot movements. Ray Birdwhistell of the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute has gone some way towards identifying some of the basic nonverbal elements of the legs and feet, and as a first approximation has identified 58 separate elements. But the meanings of these particular elements are far from clear and neither are the rules for combining the elements into larger meaningful units. Perhaps in years to come we will have a “language” of the feet provided that we can successfully surmount the problems described earlier in identifying the basic forms of movement following Birdwhistell’s pioneering efforts, of how they may combine into larger units, and in teaching people how they might make sense of apparently contradictory movements. In the meantime, if you go to a party and find someone peering intently at your feet – beware. *********Question:What does this passage want to tell the readers?
选项：
A:Researchers have developed a thorough knowledge about body language.
B:Spontaneous facial expression is not a very good index of real emotional state.
C:Some body language may indeed reflect people’s real feelings.
D:The study of body language is a newly emerged subject.
答案: 【Some body language may indeed reflect people’s real feelings.】

Lesson 3 Distinguishing Main Ideas and Details

1、 问题:Task 1: Match each topic sentence with a supporting detail. Topic SentenceSupporting Detail1. Very few people in a new job could carry out their duties perfectly from the start.2. It is worth doing a course, if that skill is in great demand at present.3. Latest figures show record unemployment for 16-year-old school leavers.4. This particular recruitment agency has a remarkable record of filling job vacancies.5. ___ There are lists of standard interview questions on the internet.A. This has been put down to the current economic climate, which shows no sign of improving.B. The main reason for this is that they make sure their recommended candidates are suitable.C. Employers understand that there is a learning curve in every position.D. An obvious example is computer literacy, which is a must in every office nowadays.E. These include classics like ‘What’s your greatest weakness?’ and candidates should have an answer prepared. Write down the 5 corresponding letters of the supporting details for the 5 topic sentences. (Write your answer like this: ABCDE)
答案: 【(以下答案任选其一都对)cdabe;
CDABE】

2、 问题:Task 2: Match the paragraphs with the topic sentences. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. ParagraphTopic Sentence1. No-one is expecting an interviewee to grin manically throughout the interview, but there’s nothing worse than a blank or worried expression. Here’s an old trick: looking up at the ceiling and raising your eyebrows just before entering the interview room will relax your face.2. Interviewers spend all day listening to answers to the same set of questions, and so they would appreciate someone who is concise. Also, digressing into an anecdote about your Aunt Sandy doesn’t say much for your ability to focus on one task. If you have a relevant story to tell, practise it until you can deliver it in as few words as possible.3. ___ Scratching the nose or breaking eye contact, for example, are both sure signs that the interviewee is not being entirely honest. Someone who does not sit straight might be lazy, while someone who sits too straight is probably not creative. These are subjective and perhaps hasty judgements, but interviewers are human, like everyone else. A. Your face should be open and friendly, inviting conversation from the interviewer.B. Small details, such as posture, or the way you hold your head, have a greater impact than you can imagine.C. One interviewer we surveyed said she pays a lot of attention to a candidate’s body language.D. Candidates should keep their answers to the point, without being monosyllabic. Write down the 3 corresponding letters of the topic sentences for the 3 paragraphs.
答案: 【(以下答案任选其一都对)adb;
ADB】

Lesson 3 Dealing with Unfamiliar Words

1、 问题:Task: Read the article about a kind of fitness training called HIIT. Then choose the best explanations for some of the words and expressions. HIIT: Is the fitness scene’s biggest fad doing more harm than good?1. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has been the darling of the fitness scene for a few years now. Fundamentally, it involves repetitions of short bursts of intense, ‘maximal effort’ exercise; usually for anywhere between 20 to 40 seconds.2. The theory behind HIIT is very appealing. By working out at your top level of exertion, you burn more calories in a short space of time than other workouts. What’s more, studies show that your metabolism stays in a heightened state for up to 24 hours after you’ve finished. And in practice, HIIT can have impressive results. It’s an effective tool for increasing cardiovascular fitness, sculpting your physique and increasing metabolic rate. Hence why HIIT classes are popping up all over the place. People have become accustomed to turning up to a class with loud music and dark lighting, just like a night club – and leaving in the same state: barely able to walk.3. However … I have a big bone to pick with HIIT, which is that there’s often no focus on form or technique in these classes, even though it’s now prescribed as the go-to form of exercise for everyone. Instead, the measure of a good HIIT sessions seems to be how ‘destroyed’ you feel after a class. It’s inevitable that problems arise from this ‘all pain for gain’ approach.4. One issue is simply that people are doing workouts that they’re not conditioned for. There is no emphasis on flexibility, mobility or activation in many HIIT classes; yet all are incredibly important in keeping the body fit and healthy as you age.5. What’s more, I regularly see people “smashing” multiple HIIT classes a day, 5-6 days per week. HIIT should not be done more than three times per week (at most), because it is so strenuous. It puts an incredible strain on your nervous system, joints and muscles; especially if you are overweight and unfit.6. The HIIT approach to exercise has gone OTT. It’s entering unsustainable territory.7. HIIT’s rise in popularity is symptomatic of what is wrong with the fitness industry as a whole: a brazen disregard of the fundamentals, and a detrimental “one size fits all” mentality. Having trained 100s of clients in my five years as a personal trainer, the biggest issues most people have are a lack of flexibility, mobility and core strength, on top of muscle activation issues. All of the above can lead to chronic injuries and are further exacerbated by HIIT.8. My belief is that everyone should try to train like athletes do. I don’t mean the same training frequency and intensity as athletes, I mean the mentality and the approach. Having trained as a competitive sprinter for four years, I learned to take every aspect of my life into account: sleep, rest days, nutrition and weaknesses. I learnt to listen to my body. Some days I would wake up feeling tired and fatigued, so on those days I wouldn’t train hard. I would do something less intense and focus on recovery.9. Remember: burning calories isn’t the be all and end all of fitness and good health. Yes, HIIT may burn more calories than any other form of exercise, but it’s no use if it leads to injury or illness. Overtraining is a real danger: it can ruin your immune system, cause insomnia, affect your appetite and release cortisol, which in turn can make you more likely to put on fat. ********What does the word “fad” in the title probably mean?
选项：
A:Craze.
B:Program.
C:Liar.
D:(This is a filler. Do not choose this answer.)
答案: 【Craze.】

2、 问题:What does the author mean by saying “I have a big bone to pick with HIIT” in Par.3?

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