2024知到答案 Arguments and Fallacies 最新知到智慧树满分章节测试答案

第一章 单元测试

1、 问题:

The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

2、 问题:

“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

3、 问题:

Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

4、 问题:

An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

5、 问题:

When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

6、 问题:

You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

7、 问题:

All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

8、 问题:

To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

9、 问题:

An explanation answers a question about why something happened.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

10、 问题:

Language is completely arbitrary.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

11、 问题:

The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

12、 问题:

“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

13、 问题:

An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the argument’s premises.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

14、 问题:

When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

15、 问题:

A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

16、 问题:

Every argument has more than one premise.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

17、 问题:

To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

18、 问题:

All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

第二章 单元测试

1、 问题:

The word “since” is always a premise marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

2、 问题:

If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

3、 问题:

Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

4、 问题:

An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

5、 问题:

The word “too” in “too small” introduces an evaluation.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

6、 问题:

“If … then …” is an argument marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

7、 问题:

A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.

选项：
A:

 G = guarding term

B:

 A = assuring term

C:

 D = discounting term

D:

 E = evaluative term

答案: 【

 A = assuring term

】

8、 问题:

A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.

选项：
A:

 A = assuring term

B:

 G = guarding term

C:

 D = discounting term

D:

 E = evaluative term

答案: 【

 D = discounting term

】

9、 问题:

A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.

选项：
A:

 A = assuring term

B:

 G = guarding term

C:

 D = discounting term

D:

 E = evaluative term

答案: 【

 G = guarding term

】

10、 问题:

A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative.

选项：
A:

 A = assuring term

B:

 G = guarding term

C:

 D = discounting term

D:

 E = evaluative term

答案: 【

 E = evaluative term

】

11、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould— "The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 D = a discounting term

】

12、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould— "The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 G = a guarding term

】

13、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould—"The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker 

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

】

14、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould— "The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 A = an assuring term

】

15、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould— "The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N= none of the above

答案: 【

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

】

16、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould—"The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 C = a conclusion marker

】

17、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould—"The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 G = a guarding term

】

18、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould—"The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker 

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 N = none of the above

】

19、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould— "The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 D = a discounting term

】

20、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould—"The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 E- = a negative evaluative term

】

21、 问题:

Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould— "The Panda’s Thumb":

 

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

 P = a premise marker

B:

 C = a conclusion marker

C:

 A = an assuring term

D:

 G = a guarding term

E:

 D = a discounting term

F:

 E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

 E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

 N = none of the above

答案: 【

 P = a premise marker

】

第三章 单元测试

1、 问题:

He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms.

选项：
A:

 N = not an argument

B:

 A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound

C:

 V = an argument that is valid but not sound

D:

 B = an argument that is both valid and sound

答案: 【

 N = not an argument

】