2024知到答案 Arguments and Fallacies 如何推理论证 最新知到智慧树满分章节测试答案

第一章 单元测试

1、 问题:

The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

2、 问题:

“33 + 66 = 99" is an argument.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

3、 问题:

“Water is H20, and salt is NaCl" is an argument.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

4、 问题:

Every argument has more than one premise.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

5、 问题:

All conclusions are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

6、 问题:

The purpose of an argument is to present some kind of reason for its conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

7、 问题:

You can give the meaning of a word by specifying what it refers to.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

8、 问题:

A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

9、 问题:

When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

10、 问题:

A spoken argument is better when it is spoken more loudly.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

11、 问题:

An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects

the argument's premises.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

12、 问题:

The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

13、 问题:

Language is completely arbitrary.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

14、 问题:

An explanation answers a question about why something happened.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

15、 问题:

To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

16、 问题:

All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

17、 问题:

You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

18、 问题:

When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

19、 问题:

An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

20、 问题:

Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

21、 问题:

To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

22、 问题:

All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

23、 问题:

Language is arbitrary in some respects.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

第二章 单元测试

1、 问题:

An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

2、 问题:

The word "since" is always a premise marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

3、 问题:

Evaluative utterances are used only to express emotions or prescribe actions.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

4、 问题:

 A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

D = discounting term

】

5、 问题:

A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has reasons for what he says

without actually giving those reasons.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

A = assuring term

】

6、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices

from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

F. E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

D = a discounting term

】

7、 问题:

In
this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase
that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter
might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices

from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

G = a guarding term

】

8、 问题:

In
this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase
that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter
might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

E+ = a positive evaluative term

】

9、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

A = an assuring term

】

10、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N= none of the above

答案: 【

E+ = a positive evaluative term

】

11、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

C = a conclusion marker

】

12、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

G = a guarding term

】

13、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

N = none of the above

】

14、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda’s Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

D = a discounting term

】

15、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

E- = a negative evaluative term

】

16、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda’s Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

P = a premise marker

】

17、 问题:

In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.

 

From Steven Jay Gould: "The Panda's Thumb"

… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different

functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.

Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of

available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.

Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to

illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.

Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible

God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.

 

 

选项：
A:

P = a premise marker

B:

C = a conclusion marker

C:

A = an assuring term

D:

G = a guarding term

E:

D = a discounting term

F:

E+ = a positive evaluative term

G:

E- = a negative evaluative term

H:

N = none of the above

答案: 【

C = a conclusion marker

】

18、 问题:

 A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

G = guarding term

】

19、 问题:

A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative.

选项：
A:

A = assuring term

B:

G = guarding term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

E = evaluative term

】

20、 问题:

 A(n) ___ term is used to make a claim less vulnerable to potential criticisms.

选项：
A:

G = guarding term

B:

A = assuring term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

G = guarding term

】

21、 问题:

A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.

选项：
A:

G = guarding term

B:

A = assuring term

C:

D = discounting term

D:

E = evaluative term

答案: 【

A = assuring term

】

22、 问题:

 If a word can be replaced by a premise marker without significantly changing the meaning, then the original word is also a premise marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

23、 问题:

“If … then …”is an argument marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【错】

24、 问题:

The word“too”in "too small" introduces an evaluation.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

25、 问题:

The word "since" is sometimes a premise marker.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

26、 问题:

Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

27、 问题:

If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.

选项：
A:对
B:错
答案: 【对】

第三章 单元测试

1、 问题:

An argument is valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when

选项：
A:

its premises and conclusion are both true.

B:

its conclusion is true (regardless of whether its premises are true).

C:

it is not possible that its premises are true and its conclusion is not true.

D:

it is not possible that its premises are not true and its conclusion is true.

答案: 【

it is not possible that its premises are true and its conclusion is not true.

】